Epidemiology of Emerging Infections

Abstract

Emerging infections continue to pose a profound global health challenge, driven by complex interactions between microbial evolution, human behavior, environmental change, and globalization. Defined as infections that have newly appeared in a population or are rapidly expanding in incidence or geographic range, emerging infections include both novel pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus, and avian influenza, and re-emerging threats like Ebola and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Understanding the epidemiology of these infections is critical for developing effective prevention, control, and response strategies.

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of emerging infections, with a focus on their determinants, transmission dynamics, and global impact. Key themes include the role of zoonotic spillover events, antimicrobial resistance, urbanization, international travel and trade, and climate change in shaping infectious disease patterns. We further highlight how genomic surveillance, advanced modelling techniques, and integrated One Health approaches are reshaping the detection and monitoring of emerging pathogens.

Regional disparities in surveillance capacity and healthcare infrastructure, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are also examined as major challenges to global epidemic preparedness. By analyzing recent outbreaks and their epidemiological profiles, this review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary strategies that bridge human, animal, and environmental health. Strengthening surveillance systems, investing in rapid diagnostic platforms, and promoting international collaboration are vital to mitigating future risks. The epidemiology of emerging infections thus provides critical insights into both current threats and the strategies necessary to enhance global health security.